There appears to some confusion about the meaning of SCALE as stored in PDB entries. In the deposition form we ask for all transformations in terms of the coordinates being submitted to us. By experience we have found that generally people have this information for the same coordinate frame in which they have been working. ALL transformations stored in an entry operate on the orthogonal Angstrom coordinates stored in the entry. Thus ORIGX in the entry will transform the coordinates in the entry back to the deposited coordinates (i.e. it is the inverse of the transformation provided by the depositor). SCALE in the entry will transform the orthogonal Angstrom coordinates in the entry to fractional and, as far as I can tell, is identical in meaning to the mmCIF items _atom_sites.frac_transf_matrix. MTRIX transformations are related to non-crystallographic symmetry (and there can be a number of these in a given entry) and these also operate on the coordinates stored in the entry. Please consult our format description (not the deposition form) for further information about ORIGX, SCALE, and MTRIX. I hope that this clarifies the discussion. Frances Bernstein