Crystallography: Fundamentals, Online Tools and Applications

The European Crystallographic Association (ECA) and the University of Oviedo invite the world-wide crystallographic community (and all scientists and students working in any related field) to an intensive session of working together and learning crystallography from each other.

With help from our sponsors, we have achieved a registration cost of 570 euros (young academic, including accommodation and meals). We expect to have student bursaries available to reduce the cost further for a limited number of attendees. The number of attendees is limited to 90 students.

The application deadline is March 31st, 2015.

Programme

The programme schedule aims to answer the new and challenging requirements of the crystallography education and training during the 2nd century of modern crystallography. It is divided into four different modules:

Pre-school basic tools:

• Matrix calculus in crystallography
• Symmetry elements and symmetry operations
• Basic group theory
• Introduction to Reciprocal Space

Fundamental Crystallography:

• Symmetry groups and types of symmetry in direct space
• Space groups and their description in International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A
• Group-subgroup relations â€" On line tools.
• Crystal-structure descriptions â€" On line tools.
• Crystal-structure relations â€" On line tools.
• Diffraction and Phasing.
• Diffraction Methods for Metal-Organic and Inorganic crystals.
• Diffraction Methods for biological crystals.
• Diffraction Methods for Nanomaterials â€" Electron diffraction.
• Diffraction Metodos for Magnetic Materials.
• Practical sessions on Online Tools â€" Tutorials : Sir/Expo-Janaâ€"Toposâ€"Fullprof

 Specific Subjects:

• Biological Crystallography
• Materials Crystallography
• On line tools â€" Tutorials: CCP4, SHELX, SIR

Hot topic Subjects:

• Time resolved Crystallography
• XFEL Crystallography
• Electron Crystallography
• Crystallography in the Space

UXSS 2015 is jointly organized by the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) at DESY and the PULSE institute at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The summer school program will be highly interdisciplinary, with topics ranging from accelerator physics to molecular biology.Please note that the number of summer school participants will be limited. In order to facilitate the selection of participants, we are asking applicants to provide a short text describing their educational and scientific background and their motivation for applying for participation in UXSS 2015. The applicants will be asked to pay a registration fee in the amount of 100 EUR. Accepted applicants will receive financial support for travel and local expenses, provided by the VolkswagenStiftung.

Please forward this announcement to doctoral students and postdoctoral research associates who you think might be interested in participating in UXSS 2015.

 List of speakers at UXSS 2015
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- Giorgio Margaritondo, EPFL, Switzerland: X-ray light sources

- Robin Santra, DESY & Univ. of Hamburg, Germany: Fundamentals of X-ray--matter interaction

- David Reis, SLAC & Stanford Univ., USA: Ultrafast X-ray application in condensed matter physics

- Linda Young, Argonne Natl. Lab., USA: Atomic and molecular physics using ultrafast X-rays

- Markus Gühr, SLAC, USA: Ultrafast chemical dynamics

- Simone Techert, DESY & Univ. of Göttingen, Germany: Time-resolved structural biology and chemistry

- Thomas White, DESY, Germany: Serial femtosecond crystallography

- Wilfried Wurth, DESY & Univ. of Hamburg, Germany: Ultrafast electronic dynamics in solids

- Ulf Zastrau, Univ. of Jena, Germany: Matter under extreme conditions

2015 Conference Topic Areas

We are pleased to announce the second International Summer School of Crystallography at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science at DESY, Hamburg (D). Prof. Carmelo Giacovazzo will lecture on the basics of crystallography, covering mathematical understanding of crystallographic point and space groups, diffraction experiments, structure factor calculations, systematic absences, determination of space groups, background of phasing for structure determination of biomolecules and many additional topics. Participants will also learn modern applications and instrumentation of protein crystallography experiments at advanced light sources, such as 3rd generation synchrotron and XFELs.

Speakers:

Prof. Carmelo Giacovazzo (University of Bari),

Prof. Henry Chapman (CFEL / DESY, University of Hamburg),

Prof. Arwen Pearson (CUI, University of Hamburg),

Dr Thomas Schneider (EMBL), Dr. Gleb Bourenkov (EMBL),

Dr Adrian Mancuso (European X-FEL),

Dr Thomas White (CFEL / DESY)

The summer school program is geared for PhD students working in the field of crystallography, but exceptions for motivated PostDocs and MSc students can be made. The course will mostly cover mathematical background of crystallography, hence we are looking for students, having a (bio)physics background. This will NOT be a workshop covering protein crystallographic programs but rather will be theory oriented.

Besides the lessons there will be guided tours of PETRAIII/European XFEL, a BBQ and a harbor boat trip scheduled.

Accepted applicants will be asked to pay a registration fee of approx. 100 EUR (includes coffee breaks and lunch). In addition, participants will have to pay for their own travel expenses, accommodation will cost 70 EUR at the DESY Guest House (the rest will be covered by the school budget).

The application deadline is on the 15th of March, 2015. Notification of accepted applicants will be sent end of March. Places and accommodation are limited to 30 students in total.

The application is as simple as follows:

Applicants must provide a motivation letter, as well as, a CV, directly to the organizer Cornelius Gati ([email protected]).

The course will be organised by Lari Lehtiö, Kristian Koski, Tiila Kiema, Ari-Pekka Kvist and Rik WierengaÂ

The course is supported by Biostruct-X, Biocenter Oulu, and the University of Oulu

There will be an international X-ray course at the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine of the University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. The course will focus on data collection and data processing using iMOSFLM and XDS, to be complemented by lectures and tutorials on experimental phasing (SHELX) and molecular replacement phasing (CCP4). In addition there will be lectures on new techniques (XFEL diffraction and neutron crystallography). On the last day of the course there will be a remote data collection demonstration at Diamond Light Source, Oxford. The outline of the course follows the previous format, aiming for approximately 16-20 students, who will be provided with a computer in our linux class room. Data collection from own crystals will be possible using our in-house Bruker microfocus X-ray generator or remotely at Diamond.

Current approximate outline:

Monday, May 18:
Basic concepts of biomolecular crystallography, by Bernhard Rupp (USA)
Emerging techniques: XFEL by Janos Hajdu (Uppsala, Sweden): “The basic principles of the XFEL technology and molecular imaging"

Tuesday, May 19/Wednesday, May 20 (data processing):
XDS, Manfred Weiss, BESSY, Berlin, Germany (also XDSapp as available at Bessy)
iMOSFLM, Harry Powell (LMB, Cambridge, UK) Â (also data processing pipelines at Diamond)
Tuesday afternoon lecture by Bernhard Rupp on ligand binding studies

Wednesday, May 20/Thursday, May 21: (experimental and molecular replacement phasing)
Experimental phasing by SHELX, Thomas Schneider (EMBL, Hamburg)
Molecular replacement phasing by CCP4, Andrey Lebedev (CCP4, STFC)
Wednesday afternoon lecture on neutron crystallography by Dr. Zoe Fisher (ESS, Lund)
Thursday afternoon lecture by Thomas Schneider on the X-ray beamlines at EMBL, Hamburg
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Friday, May 22:
Remote data collection at Diamond (Martin Walsh, Diamond)
Crystal sample management and data tracking from crystal to PDB by xtalPiMS (Ed Daniel, Oulu)
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Throughout the course students will have time to work on their own topics in the linux class room and we will also provide the opportunity to collect data with our own equipment. Crystals that should be used for data collection in house or at Diamond should be available for freezing on the first day of the course or should be sent in advance to Oulu.

There will be a registration fee of 350Euro to cover the costs of accommodation and meals. We will try to make available fellowships to cover these costs. When applying to attend this course follow the instructions attached below.  Please provide information on crystals and/or datasets that you would like to send in advance. Indicate also if such a fellowship is needed when being accepted for this course. In case of oversubscription, students with own crystals and / or own data sets will be prioritised.

Please apply by by 10.01.2015

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Deep Sequencing Meets Structural Biology

• Deep sequencing for modeling and refinement of macromolecular structures
• Membrane protein structure and function using complementary methods
• Technological advances in XFEL, Cryo-EM, NMR, SAXS, MS, MX and macromolecular complexes
• Combining low and high resolution data and modeling for structural biology
• Synergistic use of 3D structures and deep sequencing to realize personalized medicine
• Protein design and deep sequencing
• Cancer, antibiotic resistance and drug discovery

• Cryo-EM developments for structural biology [Sponsored by FEI]
• PHENIX: Automated determination of molecular structures
• HKL3000: From X-ray diffraction images to structure determination in minutes
• Approaches to the translation of deep sequencing data into three-dimensions
• Protein expression and characterization workshop
• Proteopedia: A Scientific Wiki Bridging the Rift Between 3D Structure & Function

*The 2014 BCA-BSG Winter Meeting will take place on the European Photon and Neutron (EPN) Campus (hosting the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and the Institute Laue Langevin), Grenoble, France on 15-17 December 2014. The meeting will be themed around opportunities for Structural Biology at large-scale research infrastructure and will include sessions addressing the combination of structural information from X-rays & neutrons in Structural Biology, Structural Biology on the EPN Campus, and Emerging Techniques in Structural Biology.

Confirmed speakers include:

• Arwen Pearson, CUI, Hamburg, Germany
• Cecilia Casadei, University of Leicester, UK
• Julia Richardson, University of Edinburgh, UK
• Selma Maric, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
• Stephen Cusack, EMBL, Grenoble
• Andrea Dessen, IBS, Grenoble
• Catarina da Silva, CEA, Grenoble
• Antoine Royant, IBS, Grenoble
• Gemma Newby, ESRF, Grenoble
• Manfred Burghammer, ESRF, Grenoble
• Matthew Bowler, EMBL, Grenoble
• Ulrich Zander, ESRF, Grenoble
• Estelle Mossou, University of Keele, UK/ILL, Grenoble
• Helmut Schober, Director of Science, ILL, Grenoble
• Elizabeth Duke, Diamond Light Source, UK

The first half of the meeting - supported by the UK Science & Technology Funding Council (STFC) - aims at presenting the strategic significance to the structural biology community of UK investment in large-scale research infrastructure. This part of the meeting will include visits to ESRF and ILL Experimental Facilities, a round table discussion and speakers including:

• Florent Bernaudat, Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble
• Harald Reichert, ESRF, Grenoble
• Colin Miles, BBSRC, UK
• Pamela Williams, Astex, UK
• David Scott, University of Nottingham, UK
• Adrian Mancuso, European XFEL, Hamburg, Germany
• Andrew Harrison, Diamond Light Source, UK
• Gordon Leonard, ESRF, Grenoble
• Trevor Forsyth, ILL, Grenoble

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The deadline for registration is the 8 December.

The programme includes a poster session. Contributions from younger and more senior scientists on any aspect of Structural Biology are actively encouraged.

 In order to help reduce the costs of attending the meeting, the registration fee (32EUR for students; 64EUR for regular participants) will include the cost of all meals during the meeting, including the meeting dinner on 16 December and as many participants as possible will be housed - at participants' own cost - in the cost effective ESRF/ILL Guesthouse. The registration fee also includes membership of the BCA for the year 2015.

Five Travel Bursaries, each of up to £200, are available from the BCA to support participation in the meeting by research students and postdoctoral workers who are BCA members. Please see http://crystallography.org.uk/prizes/bursaries/abbf-bursaries/ for details.

This International School will focus on the fundamentals of crystallization from solution and its applications to the field of the crystallization of biological macromolecules.

ISBC2015 will provide five days of lectures and practical demonstrations related to the crystallization of biological macromolecules, biominerals and biomimetic materials, with one full day devoted to case studies on the crystallization of membrane proteins, viruses and large macromolecular complexes

We invite students from all over the world to join us to learn from selected international experts, to hear case study presentations, to watch practical hand-on demonstrations, to participate in round-table discussions and to present their research results in the dedicated poster sessions.

The language of the School will be English.

The School will be held from the 24th to the 29th of May 2015 at Hotel San Antón in Granada (Spain).

Topics of the School

ISBC Granada 2015 will focus on the fundamentals of crystallization from solution and its applications for the crystallization of biological materials.

• Nucleation: Classical and non-classical approaches
• Crystal growth kinetics and mechanisms
• Properties of macromolecular solutions relevant to crystallization
• Screening: Searching for crystallization conditions
• Crystallization techniques: Batch, Vapour and Counter Diffusion, How do they work?
• Crystallization and diffusion transport: gels, microfluidics and microgravity
• Crystallization of large crystals for Neutron diffraction and tiny crystals for XFEL
• Polymorphism in protein crystals
• Robotics and crystallization
• Membrane Protein Crystallization: case studies
  
• Lipid cubic phase, bicelles and detergents
• Crystallization of Large Macromolecular Complexes:
• In vitro and in vivo studies of Biomineralisation processes

Contributions are sought in the fields of metallurgy and materials forming; energy materials in realistic conditions; response of functional materials under parametric load; materials under extreme or exotic conditions. Particularly contributions using an innovative approach in their application or from the novel upcoming facilities with unprecedented possibilities are desired.
The methods shall cover time and lengths scales from sub-picoseconds to days and sub-angstrom to meters, respectively.

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Topics will include:

In-Situ Processes Â

• Time resolved
• Complex environments
• Extreme conditions

Single Grain Resolved Studies Â

• Embedded grain characterization
• Grain statistics
• Orientation relationships
• Subgrains

Strain Scanning Â

• Strains and residual stresses
• Multiple length scales
• Grain resolved strain

Texture Â

• Three-dimensional reciprocal space mapping
• Texture evolution
• Local texture

Liquid, Amorphous, Nanocrystalline and Distorted Materials Â

• Pair distribution function
• Diffuse scattering
• Phase transformations
• Local structure

Materials Imaging / Tomography Â

• Real time imaging
• High resolution tomography
• Combined diffraction tomography

Exotic and Novel Experimental Developments Â

• Coherent beam diffraction
• Fourier reconstruction
• X-ray photo-correlation spectroscopy
• Ultrafast processes
• The future arrived: X-ray free electron lasers

• Charles Fadley, UC, Davis, "Looking Into Buried Interfaces with Soft/hard X-Ray Photoemission and Standing-Wave Excitation"
• Franz Himpsel, University of Wisconsin, "Synchrotron-Based Spectroscopy Shedding Light on Solar Cells"
• Gregory Hughes, Dublin City University, Ireland, "Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Structures"

• Benedetto Bozzini, University Lecce, Italy, "In-situ Characterization of PEMFC, SOFC, and Supercapacitor Components"
• Wanli Yang, ALS-LBNL, "Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of Battery Materials"

• Oliver Gessner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Ultrafast X-ray Studies of Interfacial Charge-Transfer Dynamics"
• Sujoy Roy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Unraveling Topological Properties of Spintronic Materials Using Coherent X-rays"

• Philippe Wernet, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), Germany, "Valence Electron Rearrangements During Chemical Reactions in Real Time"
• Wilfried Wurth, Universität Hamburg, Germany, "FEL-Based Techniques to Explore Photochemistry and Transient States of Molecules on Surfaces"

• Burkhard Beckhoff, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany, "Analysis and Speciation of Nanoscaled Materials by Means of Grazing-Incidence and High-Resolution X-ray Spectrometry"
• Andrea Goldoni, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy, "Growth and Characterization of LD Materials for Applications in Energy and Sensor Devices"
• Petra Rudolf, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, Netherlands, "Effect of Interfacial Interactions: Graphene Growth on Metallic and Insulating Surfaces"

• Andres Santander, Centre de Sciences Nucleaires et de Sciences de la Matiere, France, "Novel 2D Electron Gases at the Surface of Transition-Metal Oxides"
• Claus Schneider, FZJ-Germany, Germany, "XPEEM: Recent Achievements and Future"

Introduction

Recently crystallography and spectroscopy have reached a level of experimental sophistication and theoretical and computational advancements such that it is possible to understand the structure of even the most complex molecular systems, such as, proteins. One community derives information from average atomic charge densities from X-ray data and the other from valence orbital electron densities based on vibrational spectroscopy data. The modern generation of synchrotrons and the powerful free electron lasers (X-FEL) offer new opportunities and exciting challenges in structural science, but they will require a coordinated approach of complementary methods if they are to achieve maximum impact. We are constantly improving technical and computational methods to accelerate and automate characterisation processes and this is crucial to the fields to be explored in this meeting.

This Faraday Discussion will bring together world experts in computational, crystallographic, spectroscopic, chemical, biological and numerous characterisation methods to share and enhance their expertise.

Aims

The main aim for this FD is to bring together crystallographers and spectroscopists from chemistry, physics and biology to promote new interdisciplinary research and to benefit from complementary approaches and techniques in the rapidly emerging areas of 'time resolved studies', leading to a greater overall understanding of structural dynamics.Â

We hope to achieve:Â

• cross-fertilization of recent knowledge in time and length scales
• linking structural and dynamical information (derived from both the techniques) to understand function
• understanding non-equilibrium states and their impact on reactivity
• new collaborations towards solving problems jointly. Â

In addition, the discussion meeting is expected to identify future challenges and the novel techniques yet to be developed towards addressing temporally and spatially resolved structure-function relationships in chemistry and biology.Â

Format

The Faraday Division have been organising high impact Faraday Discussions in rapidly developing areas of physical chemistry and its interfaces with other scientific disciplines for over 100 years.Â

Faraday Discussions have a special format where research papers written by the speakers are distributed to all participants before the meeting, and most of the meeting is devoted to discussing the papers. Everyone contributes to the discussion - including presenting their own relevant research. The research papers and a record of the discussion are published in the journal Faraday Discussions.Â

Themes

• Dynamics of the Chemical Bond New experimental and theoretical approaches to understand chemical bonding and the changes that take place in the excited state for a number of biologically and technologically important reactions. Obtaining insights into and recording data from processes associated with changes to chemical bonds, whether that is bond breaking, formation, changes in length or inter-/intra-molecular vibrations, is key to obtaining further understanding of a wide range of chemical and biological reactions.
• Time and Space Resolved Methods Development and exploitation of high resolution time-resolved crystallographic and spectroscopic methods predominantly for reactions occurring in the solid-state and examining processes occurring on a broad range of timescales (ms-fs), including novel methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches which are transferable to the study of a wide range of molecular processes. Combining structural, spectroscopic and theoretical data (in 1D, 2D or 3D) within the reaction energy landscape/surfaces will provide complementary information and give a more complete picture of the underlying the behaviour of chemical reaction or biological process.
• Local and Global Dynamics Understanding the relationship between local and global dynamics is essential to correlate knowledge of a molecular process to those occurring within an extended structure e.g. whether a process is cooperative and affected by the surround lattice or occurs independently of the local environment. A combination of current and emerging experimental and theoretical approaches, most of which are transferable between disciplines, will be discussed to provide maximum insight into the relationship between structure and function for both chemical reactions and biological processes.
• Future Challenges and Emerging Techniques Exciting new directions for combining time resolved spectroscopic and diffraction techniques with modern theoretical approaches and looking forward to how we can exploit lab sources to XFELs in novel ways, bringing together all of the topics and ideas covered in earlier sessions to define new research approaches and inter-disciplinary collaborations. Â

We look forward to welcoming you to Bangalore for this Faraday Discussion.

As part of the celebration of the International year of Crystallography (2014), Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi and Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Gurgaon are jointly organizing a Symposium-cum-Workshop entitled "Frontiers of Structural Biology: New Advances in X-ray Diffraction and Cryo-electron Microscopy" during December 15-17, 2014 at INSA premises witha view to bringing together leading scientists in the field to discuss the major new advances in Structural Biology. The meeting will focus primarily on progressive developments in macromolecular crystallography, Cryo-electron Microscopy and X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) Sources for structure determination.

The three day event will feature keynote lectures, poster presentations and workshop tutorials by distinguished experts from India and overseas. The workshop is highly encouraging participation of young scientists from India as well as the South Asian and Asia-Pacific region.

The BioXFEL National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center will be hosting its second annual international conference in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Primary areas of discovery will include femtosecond nanocrystallography; time-resolved imaging & spectroscopy; single particles; and instrumentation & algorithms.

Topics covered

Time-resolved Methods I: David Stuart

Nanocrystallography I: Henry Chapman + John Spence

Single Particle Imaging + Solution Scattering I: Michael Rossman

Nanocrystallography II: Ilme Schlichting + Elspeth Garman

Time Resolved Methods II: Keith Moffat

Spectroscopy + Solution Scattering II : Majed Chergui

Consistent with previous SES Conferences, we hope to bring together and promote dialogue between Synchrotron Science experts and Environmental Science experts. Building on the recent excitement of science that would be enabled by diffraction limited X-ray sources, as well as by Free Electron Laser (FEL) X-ray sources, the emphasis of the meeting will be identification of new opportunities in Environmental Science afforded by new or soon-to-be-available X-ray sources.Â

The conference will include presentations from synchrotron scientists who will explain the projected qualities of these new sources (X-ray spot and/or illumination size, coherence/spectral qualities, timing capabilities, etc.). It will also include presentations from scientists who have used synchrotron radiation sources in their research who will describe their work and their vision for how these new sources will benefit their research in the future. Program managers that fund enviromental science research will also be invited to give presentations and answer questions.

Scientific themes highlighted will include the following:
♦ Biogeochemistry
♦ Fate and transport of trace, nutrient, and heavy metal elements
♦ Mesoscale science

International Workshop on Phase Retrieval and Coherent Scattering

The International Workshop on Phase Retrieval and Coherent Scattering is a (mostly) biennial meeting series devoted to coherent X-ray physics. Four topics in particular will be covered:

• Imaging with coherent X-rays and electrons
• Structure and dynamics via photon correlation
• Opportunities with new sources
• Theoretical and computational methods

Previous conferences in the series have been at Lawrence Berkeley Lab, USA, May 2001; Palm Cove, Australia, June 2003; Porquerolles, France, June 2005; Asilomar, California, USA, June 2007; Warnemünde, Germany, June 2010; and Fukuoka, Japan, June 2012. In keeping with the tradition of waterside locations for most of these meetings, the conference will be held at Norris Center on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michigan.

Invited Speakers

• Henry Chapman (keynote)
• Christian Schroer
• Stephan Hruszkewycz
• Yukio Takahashi
• Felisa Berenguer
• Mark Sutton (keynote)
• Jesse Clark
• Sujoy Roy
• Beatrice Ruta
• Massimo Altarelli
• Christoph Quitmann
• Gabriella Carini

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Ultrafast Dynamics with X-Rays and Electrons

The chemistry-based bottom-up nanoscience techniques evolved from colloid chemistry, a key topic in physical chemistry since the late 19^th century. The major difference to classic colloid chemistry is the molecular control with which synthetic nanomaterials can be built up and investigated. This will be discussed in sessions dealing with the tailor-made synthesis of high quality nanostructured materials, the investigation of nucleation and the growth and assembly of nano-objects into complex hybride structures with advanced functionality. A strong boost in nanoscience came from the development of structural and chemical analysis techniques with atomic resolution and from the possibility to perform spectroscopic investigations and transport measurements on single nano-objects. Therefore, special sessions are devoted to topics such as the structural and electronic characterization, spectroscopy on the nanoscale, and the investigation of transport properties. Strongly correlated to these topics is the development of theoretical methods for the descriptions of such large systems with high accuracy. Furthermore, the application of nanoparticles in the life sciences, including the biological response to nanoparticles, the visualization of biological processes using specifically functionalized nanoparticles in combination with modern molecular imaging techniques will be part of the scientific program. Besides fascinating basic science, the conference will cover aspects of applications that arose in nanotechnology including high-tech materials with improved mechanical properties, novel materials for lightning, display technologies, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, as well as contrast agents and drug delivery systems for diagnosis and therapy.

Overall, nanoscience is a true transdiciplinary topic covering physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and engineering. Since physical chemistry plays a central role in all these areas, the Bunsentagung 2014 will highlight these aspects as the main topic. Internationally outstanding scientists will give the opening and plenary lectures and progress reports on the various aspects of nanoscience and technology. Almost all of these topics will intentionally overlap with the more generic topical areas of the Bunsentagung 2014 to foster interdisciplinary discussions and collaborations on a leading edge level of expertise.